Localization of the urethral meatus was described in detail. In 1465, Sabuncu's book, description, and classification of hypospadias were more informative and up to date. Instruments described in the Sushruta Samhita were further modified in the Western world. Carpue was able to perform the first major surgery in the Western world in the year 1815. Joseph Constantine Carpue spent 20 years in India studying local plastic surgery methods.
Reports on Indian rhinoplasty performed by a Kumhar vaidya were published in the Gentleman's Magazine by 1794. Illustration of an 18th-century nose reconstruction method from Poona performed by an Indian potter, from The Gentleman's Magazine, 1794īritish physicians travelled to India to see rhinoplasties being performed by Indian methods. In Italy, the Branca family of Sicily and Gaspare Tagliacozzi ( Bologna) became familiar with the techniques of Sushruta. The Arabic translations made their way into Europe via intermediaries. The Indian medical works of both Sushruta and Charaka, originally in Sanskrit, were translated into the Arabic language during the Abbasid Caliphate in 750 AD. Notwithstanding, Aulus Cornelius Celsus left some surprisingly accurate anatomical descriptions, some of which - for instance, his studies on the genitalia and the skeleton - are of special interest to plastic surgery. For religious reasons, they did not dissect either human beings or animals, thus, their knowledge was based in its entirety on the texts of their Greek predecessors. The Romans also performed plastic cosmetic surgery, using simple techniques, such as repairing damaged ears, from around the 1st century BC. The Roman scholar Aulus Cornelius Celsus recorded surgical techniques, including plastic surgery, in the first century AD.
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